The HMRC was one of the first countries to introduce tax on cryptocurrency assets. They are also one of the most active tax agencies when it comes to tracking down cryptocurrency tax avoiders. In this guide we will break down everything you need to know about crypto taxes and how they are calculated, in the United Kingdom.
As has been widely reported in the news, Coinbase has handed over data on UK customers who transacted more than £5000 worth of cryptocurrency between 2017 and 2019.
Here's the email that was sent out by Coinbase:
The topic has also been discussed on the Bitcoin UK subreddit
If you received one of these letters then here's some things you need to keep in mind:
Let's look at the crypto tax rules in more detail.
Individuals that hold crypto as a personal investment will be liable to pay capital gains tax when they dispose of their cryptocurrency. 'Disposal' has been defined by the HMRC as:
Naturally, the amount of capital gains will be the difference between the sales proceeds from the disposal and the acquisition cost of the crypto asset i.e. sale price minus buying price.
This depends on your income tax bracket:
There are also special rules for high frequency traders or businesses as we will see in the next section. If you are not a business you can skip ahead to the Calculating cost-basis section for an overview on how the actual capital gains are calculated.
If you are carrying on a business that involves cryptocurrency transactions, then the rules are more complex. You may be liable to pay a number of different taxes like CGT, Income Tax, Corporation Tax, Stamp Duties and even VAT depending on the type of transaction.
Note that the HMRC may decide to treat you as a business even if you are an individual if your level of activity is comparable to a business. So how does the HMRC decide whether you're holding crypto as an investment or whether you qualify as a crypto trader? Here's what the HMRC has to say about it:
Only in exceptional circumstances would HMRC expect individuals to buy and sell crypto assets with such frequency, level of organisation and sophistication that the activity amounts to a financial trade in itself. If it is considered to be trading then Income Tax will take priority over Capital Gains Tax and will apply to profits (or losses) as it would be considered as a business
In this case, a trade in crypto assets would be similar to trading in shares, securities, etc. This means that crypto traders can refer to the Business Income manual (BIM56800) for more information on the relevant approach.
A capital gain is the difference between the selling price and the purchase cost of an asset. The selling price is usually readily available but the purchase cost requires some accounting expertise to calculate.
For ex. if you were to make these transactions:
What would be the cost of the 1 BTC that you sold in 2020? Is it the cost of the coin that you bought for £500 in 2015? Is it the cost of one of the Bitcoins that was bought most recently for £8000? Or is it the average cost of all purchased Bitcoins?
The HMRC uses a special share pooling method to calculate this. With the pooling method, you basically end up averaging out the acquisition cost of all the crypto you've purchased to calculate the purchase cost of the coins being sold.
However, that's not all. There are also special same-day and bed-and-breakfasting rules that make this calculation a lot more complex. Check out our article on calculating tax with share pooling for examples and information about how all this works.
These calculations can be very tricky to carry out by hand which is why you may want to sign up for a free Koinly account. Koinly is a cryptocurrency tax calculator that can easily import your crypto transactions and calculate your capital gains in accordance with the HMRC and Share Pooling rules.
Natalie bought 1 BTC for £1,000. 6 months later she bought 0.5 BTC for £2,000. So her total pool of bitcoin is 1.5 and total allowable costs are £3,000.
Let's say Natalie sells 0.5 BTC some years later for £3000. This is what her capital gains calculation would look like:
Amount | ||
---|---|---|
Consideration | £3000 | |
Less allowable costs | £3,000 x (0.5 / 1.5) | £1000 |
Gain | £2,000 |
Post this sale, Natalie will have a remaining pool of 1 BTC with an allowable cost of £2000.
The rules of Same-Day and 30-Day that apply to shares also apply to cryptocurrency. This is done to prevent wash sales i.e. selling crypto and buying it back in an attempt to realize losses and reduce your tax burden.
Let's understand the same day rule first. If you sell a cryptocurrency and buy another crypto of the same type on the same day, the cost basis for your sale will be the acquisition cost of the crypto you bought on the same day. This will be the case even if the acquisition of the crypto takes place before the sale - as long as they are both on the same day.
The 30-day rule is also quite similar. Any of the crypto you acquire within 30 days of a sale will be used as its cost basis.
These rules are in place to make sure that you don't sell your holdings at the end of the tax year to create losses that you can write off, and then buy them back immediately after.
Simon owns 2.5 ETH. He has spent £2000 acquiring this crypto, which is his pooled allowable cost. Let's say Simon sells 1 ETH on 29th August 2018 for £3000, and buys 0.25 ETH on 12th September 2018 for £700. Since this 0.25 ETH has been bought within 30 days of the disposal, it doesn't go into the pool. Here's how Simon's capital gains will be calculated:
Step 1: Calculating gains on the 0.25 ETH
Amount | ||
---|---|---|
Consideration | £3000 x (0.25 / 1) | £750 |
Less allowable costs | £700 | |
Gain | £50 |
Step 2: Calculating gains on the other 0.75 ETH
Amount | ||
---|---|---|
Consideration | £3000 x (0.75 / 1) | £2250 |
Less allowable costs | £2000 x (0.75 / 2.5) | £600 |
Gain | £1650 |
After this transaction, Simon still has a pool of 1.75ETH which has allowable costs of £1400 remaining.
There are no taxes on buying crypto in the UK, or even hodling it for as long as you want. You should still keep records of these transactions so that you can deduct the costs when you eventually sell them.
Any sale of cryptocurrency is subject to Capital Gains Tax. Every different cryptocurrency is seen as separate CGT (Capital Gains Tax) asset.
John sells 1BTC in November 2017 for £12000. His cost for 1 BTC was £9000. In this case, his total capital gain would be £3000. This would be taxed at the appropriate rate depending on his tax bracket.
The HMRC makes it quite clear that exchanging one crypto for another also constitutes a taxable event. This means that you're basically disposing of a CGT asset and acquiring another one. The market value of the crypto that you receive is considered as the sales price for that transaction. If this crypto cannot be valued for some reason (eg. ICO tokens), then you can use the market value of the crypto you sold.
Let's say your costs for 0.1 Bitcoins was £500. In November 2017, you exchanged 0.1 Bitcoin for 2 Ether. At this time, the market value of 2 ether was around £800. This basically means that £800 is your sales proceeds and £500 is your cost basis, so the total capital gains would be £300.
A stablecoin is simply a class of cryptocurrencies that offers price stability by being backed by a reserve asset, usually a stable fiat currency like USD. As far as the HMRC is concerned, stablecoins like TrueUSD are exactly the same as any other cryptocurrency, and so the tax treatment is the same as for regular crypto to crypto trades.
From a tax perspective this is the same as selling crypto and is subject to CGT. It's important to remember that the market value of the crypto that you use to pay for something will be counted as the sales proceeds.
While there's no tax on moving crypto between different wallets, it's important to note that you need to keep a track of these movements. If you don't take these movements into account the HMRC might assume they are disposals and tax them.
Let's say Mitch buys 4 LTC for £400 on Coinbase. He then moves the funds into his LTC wallet and from there he moves the funds to his Binance wallet and sells them for £500.
If Mitch uses a crypto tax software like Koinly to generate his crypto tax report, he will have to connect all 3 wallets. If he only syncs his Coinbase and Binance wallet but not his LTC wallet, then the software won't be able to identify that the funds transferred to the Binance wallet are the same ones purchased on Coinbase. If all 3 wallets are synced, then the software will be able to generate an accurate tax report.
If for some reason, a particular wallet is no longer available, Mitch can make these changes manually using the Koinly web interface. He will mark the transfer from Coinbase as "ignored" so that Koinly doesn't realize gains on it. Then he would have to change the value of the incoming transaction on Binance to match the cost-basis of the outgoing transaction from Coinbase.
Mining of cryptocurrency can either be considered as a hobby or as a full-fledged business. This will depend on several factors such as:
If your mining activity is classified as a hobby, then any income from mining has to be declared separately under the heading of "Miscellaneous Income" on your tax return.
The income in this case will be the fair market value of the crypto at the time you receive it.
Appropriate expenses can be deducted from this income before adding it to the taxable income.
Also keep in mind that when you dispose of this crypto, that will be subject to capital gains tax.
If mining is classified as a business based on the criteria mentioned above, then the mining income will be added to trading profits and be subject to income tax. Similarly, fees or rewards received in exchange of any mining/staking activity will also be added to taxable income. Appropriate expenses would be deductible, of course.
While disposing of such cryptocurrency, any gain in value from the time of acquisition will be added to the trading profits. You will also have to pay National Insurance Contribution for this transaction.
This is a grey area since there is no guidance from the HMRC on how to report these.
However, the conservative approach is to declare this in the same way as Mining i.e. pay Income tax on any staking/lending income at your regular income tax rate. If you received the income in a cryptocurrency then you can calculate the fair market value of the coins at the time you received them.
Note that some may want to treat this as savings income instead, the main benefit of this would be that you can claim your personal savings allowance to reduce the taxes further. However, we recommend checking with a tax accountant before doing this.
A hard fork refers to a situation when a particular cryptocurrency splits into two, and crypto holders receive crypto from the new fork due to their holdings in the original crypto. In this case, the value of the new crypto is derived from the original crypto that's already held by the individual.
Crypto received from a hard fork, is therefore, not subject to income tax.
However, after the fork, the crypto assets have to go into their own pool. The deductible costs related to the original crypto assets will be split between the two different pools — one for the original asset and one for the newly forked crypto. The HMRC doesn't have any particular guideline for this apportionment. This splitting of costs should be just and reasonable under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. Standard practice is that the cost of the original crypto is apportioned between the old and new crypto assets in line with the market values of both assets on the day after the hard fork.
An airdrop is a situation when a particular individual is selected to receive crypto, perhaps as part of a marketing or publicity campaign. Income tax will not apply to airdropped crypto provided:
If airdrops are provided in return for a service, they will be part of either miscellaneous income or trading profits (if you are a business). In either case, they will be subject to income tax.
If this airdrop is received by an individual, it will be subject to capital gains tax at the time of disposal. If it has been received by a crypto business or trader, any increase in valuation will be added to trading profits and be subjected to income tax and you will have to pay National Insurance Contribution on this as well.
There is little clarity from the HMRC when it comes to individuals who trade and invest in Futures, CFDs (Contract for Difference) and margin trading as far as cryptocurrency is concerned.
If an individual is treated as a financial trader, then the gains are added to trading profits and income tax is payable. However, when the individual is not a financial trader, it's not very clear whether gains or losses are to be taxed under capital gains tax or added to miscellaneous income and subjected to income tax.
ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) or IEOs (Initial Exchange Offerings) refer to a situation where investors can purchase tokens/coins in a yet-to-be-released cryptocurrency/company. In this case, investors pay for the new token through existing cryptocurrency like Bitcoin or Ethereum.
In other words, this works like a crypto-to-crypto exchange. You will have to pay capital gains tax on the crypto that you exchange for the ICO token. The "sales proceeds" here will be the market value of the existing crypto (not the new token) on the date that the exchange took place. Plus, this same market value will also serve as the cost basis for the new token that you receive from the ICO, which you can use to calculate pooled costs.
If you give cryptocurrency as a gift to someone other than your spouse or civil partner, you will have to figure out the market value (in pound sterling) of the crypto on the date that it was given away as a gift. This will be considered as sales proceeds for Capital Gains Tax purposes.
Importantly, if income tax has already been charged on the value of the tokens that are gifted, section 37 Taxation of the Capital Gains Tax Act 1992 will apply. This basically means that the "sales proceeds" will be reduced by the amount that has already been subject to income tax, and then be subjected to CGT.
Janie is a UK resident who received crypto worth £500 as a gift from her mother. She sold it in May 2018 for £700. The pooled value of her crypto was £500 and her capital gain was £200. Janie's taxable income is £160000 and she falls in the category of additional rate tax payer. As a result her total CGT on the disposal of the crypto would be 20% of £200 or £40.
If an individual donates crypto to charity, they are entitled to Income tax relief on the donated amount. They can also get an exemption from Capital Gains Tax although there are two exceptions:
Any crypto received as employment income is considered money's worth. If you receive all or part of your salary/freelance income in cryptocurrency instead of fiat currency, you will have to pay income tax and National Insurance contributions based on the value of the crypto on the date of receipt.
The precise rules are different depending on whether the crypto assets you receive are Readily Convertible Assets (RCAs) or not. Any disposal of such crypto assets (that are received as employment income) is subject to Capital Gains Tax.
Greg is a freelance web developer who received a payment from a client in the form of 0.1 BTC in July 2017. The value of the 0.1 BTC was £500 on the date that it was credited to his bank account. This means he needs to add £500 to his taxable income while calculating his tax liability for the year.
The HMRC doesn't look at crypto assets as money so they cannot be used to make a tax deductible contributions to any registered pension scheme.
Capital gains tax only has to be paid if you made over £12,000 (increased to £12,300 for tax year 2020-2021) in profits (source).
This means you can calculate your capital gains and if the result is negative or below the limit then you do not have to pay any capital gains tax!
If an individual sells cryptocurrency for less than the cost basis, then they will have a capital loss. This loss can be offset against the overall gains.
However, the loss needs to be reported to the HMRC first. Losses can be reported either by letter or on the Tax Return itself. Capital losses can be claimed within 4 years from the end of the tax year in which they occured.
Also, if the disposal of the crypto is made to a "connected person", then the actual sales price is not considered as the sales proceeds, the market value of the crypto on the date of the transaction is.
With crypto assets that can fluctuate wildly, it's not rare for someone to own cryptocurrency that has become worthless or of 'negligible value'. In this case, the owner of the asset can file a negligible value claim.
This claim treats the crypto assets as if they have been disposed of and re-acquired at the amount stated in the claim. This allows you to write off a major loss for an asset that is now illiquid.
The claim only needs to contain the name of the asset which is worthless now, the amount at which the asset should be treated as disposed of (usually £0) as well as the date of the deemed disposal. This claim results in a loss that can be offset against gains once it's reported to the HMRC. The loss and negligible value claim can be made to the HMRC at the same time.
There are certain allowable costs that can be deducted from the sales proceeds when calculating the gain or loss. Here they are:
The following costs are not allowable for CGT purposes:
In case mining is being done as part of a business, the crypto assets will form part of trading stock. If they are transferred out of trading stock, the business will be treated as if they bought the crypto at the value that's being used in the trading accounts. This value can then be used as an allowable cost when they decide to dispose of the crypto assets.
If a crypto owner misplaces their private key, the crypto assets are still owned by them and exist in the distributed ledger. That's why the HMRC does not treat this as a disposal from a CGT perspective.
However, in case there is no way of recovering the private key and accessing the crypto assets, the individual can make a negligible value claim so that they can crystallize the loss.
If your cryptocurrency is stolen/hacked, the HMRC does not consider this a disposal. That's because the individual still owns the assets and has a right to recover them. As a result, no loss can be claimed. However, in case someone pays for crypto assets but doesn't end up receiving any, they can claim a capital loss.
Similarly, an individual who pays for and receives crypto assets that turn out to be worthless, can file a negligible value claim to the HMRC and offset losses.
Capital gains are reported on the Capital gains summary form (SA100 Tax Return).
Anyone who has capital gains or losses during the tax year. You don't need to file it if your profits are less than the annual CGT allowance (£12,000 in 2019).
This form requires you to enter the number of disposals, profits and losses from your crypto trades. You also use it to declare any other capital gains ex. from the sale of a residential property.
The HMRC is quite active in ensuring cryptocurrency traders pay their taxes. They regularly ask major exchanges like Coinbase for information on their UK based customers. This is usually followed up by notices to identified crypto traders who misreported their capital gains.
Traders receive email from Coinbase about HMRC's request
With the cryptocurrency and Defi markets growing at such incredible rates the HMRC is unlikely to stop its pursuit so it's best to be proactive and report/pay your crypto taxesi n time to avoid late penalties and prosecution.
Cryptocurrency taxes don't have to be complicated. You can use a tool like Koinly to import your data from all your exchanges/wallets and generate accurate cryptocurrency tax reports in a matter of minutes. You can even use it to keep track of your tax liability in real time.
Let's look at how you can use Koinly for your taxes:
Most exchanges have API's that can allow Koinly to download your transaction history automatically. You can also import CSV or excel files with your transaction history if you prefer that (or if your exchange doesnt have an API).
Koinly does a number of things under the hood in order to calculate your capital gains and income.
First it fetches the market rates at the time of your trades (and converts to GBP), then it matches transfers between your wallets and exchange accounts and finally it calculates your capital gains using shared-pooling (if you are in the UK).
All this is automated so the only thing you have to do is head over to the Tax Reports page to see a summary of your gains:
Note that you can also use the Dashboard to stay on top of your taxes as you carry out trades. This can help you make good tax-friendly trades and avoid surprises at tax time!
The final step - if you can call it that - is to download your tax reports. Koinly allows you to download a Capital gains summary form for the HMRC along with a Complete Tax Report with all your transaction logs and calculations (useful i ncase of an audit).
The tax year in the United Kingdom starts from 6th April and goes up to 5th April the next year.
If, for instance, you're paying taxes for the year 2018-19, you would have to file your online tax returns by 31st January 2020. You would also be expected to pay your taxes in full by this date. If you're filing paper returns, then the deadline would be 31st October, 2019.
As far as record keeping is concerned, the HMRC correctly states that many exchanges do not keep detailed information about crypto transactions and the onus of maintaining these transactions accurately rests with the taxpayer. These details include:
You should ensure you download reports regularly from your exchanges as they can lose your data or just delete it permanently after a certain period of data. Again, using tax software like Koinly can help you maintain such a ledger.
2019-10-18: HMRC requested information about UK-based traders from Coinbase, eToro and Cex.io.
2020-01-01: HMRC sent out letters to cryptocurrency traders that had not reported their capital gains.
2020-10-02: HMRC requested (and received) information from Coinbase on their UK-based traders.
From us to your inbox, weekly.